In a power generation facility uninterrupted steam production is vital. It follows logically then that a reliable source of boiler quality feed water is also vitally important. Frequently these days this means the installation and operation of an Industrial Reverse Osmosis (RO) system.
The use of RO in power generation facilities has become increasingly common over the last 15 years, especially in newly built facilities. Reverse Osmosis retrofits to the boiler water pre-treatment systems of large, older power generation facilities are common as well, irrespective of the fuel source.
This article presents 5 operational considerations when purchasing an industrial reverse osmosis system for your Power Generation facility.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Consideration #1: Focus on the permeate
In Power Generation facilities normally the permeate is the desired water stream. System designs with more than one pass may be needed to ensure that the final product is of the specified purity. Other considerations may include RO redundancy to allow some trains to be removed for cleaning or membrane replacement, boiler makeup demand vs. RO flow rate, the need for an RO water storage tank, both upstream for the RO feed and downstream for the permeate.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Consideration #2: Sometimes you’ll focus on the reject
If the reject is the desired product, multi-staging may be necessary. In a power plant, wastewater and in some instances cooling tower blow down will be concentrated using multi-staging RO to reduce the total quantity of water that must be treated to final effluent standards.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Consideration #3: Prevent scaling of the RO membranes by hardness, strontium, or barium
The three most common means of preventing scale build up in Power Generation RO systems are; feeding acid to control pH, installing a softener ahead of the RO system and feeding an antiscalant.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Consideration #4: Prevent microbiological fouling of the membrane
While generally not as damaging as mineral scale, microbiological fouling can significantly reduce the efficiency of a Reverse Osmosis system. Again, preventing fouling is a far more effective strategy than fouling remediation. Microbiological fouling of Reverse Osmosis systems is generally done by controlling the MB content in the RO feed water to a specified maximum using a biocide.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Parameter #5: Prevent non-microbiological organic fouling of the RO membrane
This is most successfully done by controlling the COD of the RO feed water. If the RO feed water is plant service water and uncontaminated (or does not contain recycled water or waste water) then the COD is almost always color or decaying vegetation. Both can be removed through proper upstream clarification or an anion exchanger.
If the RO feed water contains a recycled or waste component, then the COD can be almost anything. In this case, proper upstream treatment using secondary (biological) treatment of the waste or recycled stream will be needed to reduce the COD to levels such that non-biological organic fouling of RO membranes does not occur.
An in-depth discussion of Reverse Osmosis design considerations for the Power Generation Industry including tables and drawings can be downloaded in the free 11 page Layne Christensen white paper titled Eleven Things to Consider When Purchasing a Reverse Osmosis System for Your Power Generation Facility.
As a leader in the development of Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems, Layne Christensen Company has the technical expertise to design and build reverse osmosis systems for all of your plant water needs. Beyond RO, Layne Christensen’s Water Treatment Division Research & Development team focuses on refining and expanding the water treatment methods we currently employ so we can meet the most demanding challenges head-on with innovation.
Your concerns about water quality are Layne’s concerns as well. The Water Treatment Division has been resolving water quality problems for over a half century, installing thousands of treatment systems throughout North America. You can reach our technical experts through our website at www.LayneWater.com or by phone 262.246.4646.
A complete list of design considerations is provided in the free ($97 value) Layne Christensen technical paper. Grab your copy of Design Considerations while they are still available. For additional Reverse Osmosis Information visit Article Source:
The internet is littered with every kind of get-rich-quick con and scam you can imagine.
There are the Nigerian 419 schemes, forced matrix ‘opportunities’ that would require maxing out the entire human population for just 10 percent of participants to ever see a penny, there are over-hyped Pay-per-click and Adsense scams, fake MLM and network marketing ‘opportunities’, and the list goes on and on…
At times like these, desperate home-based business seekers become easy prey for vultures pushing scam products and fake ‘opportunities’.
How to get scammed
- Accept every offer and every promise at face value.
- Give your money to others without thinking things through.
- Let emotion and promises of ‘instant wealth’ carry you along.
- Don’t bother reasoning through on whether or not a program might be a scam.
- Jump in with both eyes wide shut.
Those are sure fire ways to get taken advantage of. But what if you don’t want to be the next victim? How can you really know in advance if a program is a scam or not?
What You See Is What You See
An often overlooked tale tell sign that an ‘opportunity’ is a scam are the products themselves.
Are the products truly valuable? Can the products be sold at its current pricing, or at all, without the ‘opportunity’ attached to it?
If the answer is no then use the R.L.H. formula for protecting your wallet. R.L.H. stands for run like you-know-what (heck).
Also, look to see if there are outrageous fees or ‘qualifiers’ before you can receive a penny in pay.
And finally, does the program tell you EXACTLY what you will receive a commission for promoting, before they take your money? I’ve lost track of the hundreds of scams that have been sent to me saying ‘give us $39 and we’ll tell you what this biz opp is’. I don’t think so buddy…
RLH!
Those are the three most common giveaways that a program is a scam.
Many home-based business ‘opportunities’ openly violate those standards and are easy to spot:
1) substandard products that are unsaleable apart from the biz opp
2) scammy qualifiers that prevent you from getting paid even if you do somehow find someone to buy what you are selling
3) the company ‘hides’ the product until you cough up cash to find out what it is they want you to sell
Bi-Centennial Surprise
I joined my first biz opp around 1976. I was 12 or 13 years old. From then until I “wised up” in the 80′s I had joined hundreds of programs purchased through direct mail offers, income opportunity mags, and joined half a dozen MLM programs promoted by friends, family, and in some cases complete strangers.
I wasted money on envelope stuffing schemes, ‘blind ads’ for business opportunities that were nothing more than vague marketing plans for hypothetical ‘business start up plans’ that required coming up with 5-10 times the average national income in America at the time just to test and see if the idea would work or not. Of course, you couldn’t get a refund without trying the unreasonable and unproven ideas, yeah, I got ripped off on those purchases.
I tried forced matrix systems with junk info products and health products. While just a teen I gave up credit card numbers ‘just for verification purposes’ only to end up with $800 of worthless vitamins shipped to my door. I had fallen victim to online and offline chain letter schemes. And the list goes on an on.
Red Badge Of Experience
Fortunately it only took a few short teen years of bumping my head to finally come up with my list of ‘red flag’ identifiers for recognizing potential scams, and a few more to finally trust in the red flags.
Times are hard. The economy is in a slump. Gas prices are on the rise and so are home foreclosures. Con artists are desperate too.
People from all over are desperate for something that will put money in their pockets quickly. That desperation has put a target on their foreheads for scam artists and hucksters of all sorts. Others are not so desperate but are still looking for ways to increase their income without much hassle or work.
I Bet You Think This Note Is About You…
If either of those scenarios apply to you I suggest taking a close look at any program you are considering.
Verify the program has 3rd-party tracking in place to insure you will get paid. Better yet, look for programs that allow you to keep every penny you earn from reselling or referring the products to others.
What qualifies? Reseller programs and programs that allow you to keep all the money are the next best things to creating your own products — but without the hassles.
Also make sure the company is promoting real products that are being sold or have been sold without the need for an attached ‘opportunity’. Again, if products cannot be sold at the price you are urged to ‘get in’ at while things are “still hot”, you’ve found a scam not a real business.
And especially make sure there are no weird or outrageous qualifiers to finally receive the commissions you’ve earned.
That’s how to tell if a home-based business is a scam.
Andre Bell is a business growth strategist and expert direct response copywriter. Visit his site to learn of his recently released .
Vitamins of the Future will be rediscovered in Mother Nature’s Pharmacy
…a three person debate about dietary supplements
and grandmother may just have been right all along..
The dietary supplementation business has never been bigger. Consumers are looking for specialized supplements hoping for their active role in preventing disease.
As consumers we understand that one of the most important decisions we can make for long term health is our choice of proper vitamins and minerals. The word “supplements” can be interpreted in multiple ways and therein lays the first problem. In this boom mentality, in this maze of products, one needs to be extremely knowledgeable about the total picture of diet and supplementation, the main players, and the best value of vitamins for our human biology, not just our pocketbooks.
Let’s set up a little debate with the top three players in this business presenting their different points of view. One of the players is an imaginary figure and therein lies the second problem. Her voice is not heard on media commercials, splashed in ads or read on the side of bottles or boxes. But she originated vitamins and with imagination let’s give her a speaking platform. For now, let’s keep her name unknown and see if you can guess who she is.
First, there is Mr. Pops…he is a successful owner of a vitamin manufacturing company and produces colorfully labeled Optimum MultiVitamin Pills. He advertises copiously online and offline and people buy what sounds familiar and doesn’t cost too much per item.
Second, is Dr. Smith who is a bioscientist in the newly emerging field of nutritional science only a few seconds old on a 24 hour medical timeline.
Third is our mystery guest, old, grand and venerable.
Mr. Pops gives us a quick overview of the vitamin industry.
“The word vitamin was first coined in the early 1900’s by a scientist recognizing this “vital amine” as important to proper cell functions. To make our pills, we first bulk order 20 kinds of vitamin and mineral raw ingredients from a GMP registered facility. The mass production is automated on conveyor belts and starts with high speed tableting machines on paddles or ribbon blenders to allow for separation of particles based on density.
The carefully measured ingredients (as per label) are combined with other fillers, flavors, and colorants. The tablets are pressed and spray coated to help withstand the packaging and shipping process. We’re pleased to say we use hydrolyzed vegetable protein which we believe allows for better absorption by the intestines than the cheaper mineral salts used by the majority of brands. We bottle the pills, label with a full disclosure of ingredients, stamp expiry date and ship.
We spend a lot of money on branding and advertising market recognition. It was a coup for us to get a multimillion dollar endorsement from a great sports star with a great likeable personality…young people want to be just like him and based on that, I’m sure, will buy the pills.”
The mystery guest only smiles acknowledging silently that there are thousands of competitive companies like Mr. Pops, but most get their supplies from only 12 main manufacturers with the laboratory ability to extract raw ingredients.
Second is Dr. Smith, a nutritional bioscientist.
“I’ll begin by first saying some exciting news that relates to grandma…
Remember when grandma first use to tell you to eat all your vegetables…she may have been right after all. She may not have told you that when you eat just one serving of vegetables you’re ingesting at least 100 different phytochemicals or phytonutrients. But science is now validating this health connection to a whole base of ethno- botanical knowledge and plant pharmacology!
Plant constituents are variously called phytonutrients, bioflavanoids or polyphenols and are found in seeds, bark, flowers, and fruit skin. In fact, nutritional sciences have advanced in the same way as pharmaceutical science through molecular cell cultures and long term reviews to show a multitude of benefits in our plant food. Who would have imagined? Real food compounds have been proven to reduce allergic responses, prevent formation of carcinogens, control inflammatory conditions, lessen coronary heart conditions, reduce liver disease, protect against cataracts and macular degeneration, and inhibit bacteria and yeast. These bioflavanoids also scavenge free radicals that cause oxidative damage in the cells that is implicated in long term inflammatory and degenerative diseases. For example…blueberries by virtue of plant pigments (the known 40 anthocyanins and 300 other compounds) have 2400 times the antioxidant power of Vitamin E by itself.
No wonder the USDA (US Department of Agriculture) has pointed out that “it appears that an effective strategy of supporting health is to increase consumption of phytonutrient rich food.” It is with just cause that the Cancer Institute and the Heart Institute recommend eating a variety of vegetables and fruit 5 to 7 times daily or more if possible. Statistics show that most people do not, but even for those who do, there is the overriding question of how nutrient-dense supermarket vegetables are because of factory farming, mineral depleted soil, green harvesting and storage. So many consumers subscribe to supplementing their diets as we’ve heard. Lately, the market trend is towards whole food extracts, super food formulas as liquid nutrition to provide the holistic synergy of total vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients rather than an array of pills. The question consumers need to answer in their own minds…do we trust what comes out laboratories more than what is already provided naturally?”
Both look towards the mystery guest…it is her turn to speak. Her voice is low and liquid like waves “shooshing” against a sandy beach.
“Thank you for your comments and I appreciate your efforts in helping people’s quests for health. Your hearts are in the right place and I am particularly delighted to see how scientific studies are now validating our ancient wisdom.
Science is now corroborating what people have known that food from plants is our best source of natural biochemicals that support levels of biochemicals found in human metabolism. Health and disease begin in the single cell and each cell needs one hundred plus nutrients on a daily basis. Depriving even a few proper nutrients will cause cellular degeneration over many years which evolve into a disease.
You see I am known as Mother Nature and my provisions are the foundation of human biology from time immemorial. My language is the physical world and my physical elements became part of your physical structure…no formulas, no programs, no theories. My plant micronutrients become your cellular micronutrients and they are programmed to be part of your inborn potential for growth, repair and protection from disease.
In trying to understand the breadth and volume of my world, scientists have managed to delineate and classify me into “specialists” sections many with names that only linguists can pronounce. Currently scientists are struggling to classify at least 20,000 phytonutrients, of which only 4000 have been analyzed or tested. To appreciate my complexity, there are about 500,000 plant species in existence. Only a mere 10% have been investigated from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view.
More sadly, food manufacturers have over processed, preserved
and de-nutriented my natural foods with thousands of artificial man-made chemicals. People can be compared to being “hunters” in supermarkets… loading their buggies with bottles, boxes and cans full of refined, reconstituted and fortified unnatural food stuffs. Yet our genetic biology has not changed that much from the earliest times when our diets were based on gathering foods, such as whole grains, seeds, fruits and vegetables.
Unfortunately, my lack of formal language has placed me in the back of the room, drowned out by louder more persistent voices carrying the debate, often based on profit margins. However, it is no longer reasonable to assume that a single substance whether nutrient, pill or drug, can aid or fix all of the body’s interdependent systems. In my world, vitamins, antioxidants, phytonutrients, amino acids, essential fatty acids, enzymes and minerals work together.
In fact, I find myself in a strange place of having my natural plants, herbs and spices tested for their nutritional value and questioned in terms of “preventing, curing, mitigating or treating diseases.” Drug companies especially cannot patent a natural plant and make no profits unless they can sell an exclusive “discovery” or a new and improved facsimile.
My hope for you is to begin to use the word phytonutrition in every day language…I am absolutely amazed that this word isn’t even found in the dictionary but it should be heralded as the word of the century. Phytonutrition is all about using whole plant foods and supplementation to provide the essential micronutrients for metabolic energy, body building and protection against cellular diseases.
My last warning is if you’re confused or lack knowledge about the studies drawn from scientific laboratories and manufacturing claims, then draw your nutritional and supplementation needs from the natural world. In my world, my foods are not designed as ‘optimal daily recommended intakes’ or parts of double-blind studies or bioengineering or some co-factor activity combination. Trust the Divine Mastery of Nature. Be awe inspired that you can trace the course of nutrients through the ocean, the air, the soil, your plants, your body and back to the ocean again. You are of the earth. Protect and embrace it as you protect and embrace yourself.”
Anne-Marie Berukoff is a certified Nutritional Supplement Distributor. She took early retirement from a 24 year teaching career to pursue her interest in WELLNESS based on using natural whole foods for preventative health. She has compiled two workshops with CD?s and an e-booklet: 101 Reasons to Plug Into Powerful Phytonutrients for Powerful Health. She welcomes all questions and comments.
You can prevent disease with discount vitamins just as easy as with those you pay top dollar for on the High Street. It has been observed that vitamins do not lose quality for price as long as you know what to look for and stick with name brands you trust and like a lot. It has been found that they are the most purchased supplement in the western world, and there are many ways of getting them for less than the normal price.
At first, you should know what a vitamin is, as it has been seen that many people have no idea of what actually constitutes a vitamin even though they can recite all the letters. A vitamin is a molecule and is obtained from an organic animal or vegetable source that is essential for life. Without it there can be no animal life and vitamins generally catalyze or act as coenzymes in the biochemistry that makes up all of the chemical reactions of the body. A catalyst usually allows a reaction to occur without changing itself, and a coenzyme allows enzymes to do their jobs well.
In olden days, when sailors used sail to cross the oceans in open boats powered only by sail and oar, a trip that takes us a week in a cruise liner these days could take sailors several months. It was not because that they relied on favorable winds, but they did not always know where they were going, and were frequently unable to store up for a whole voyage. They usually depended on landing at islands on the way to replenish supplies. The common disease that can be caused due to lack of nutrition is scurvy.
The disease of scurvy is caused due to lack of vitamin C or ascorbic acid. The common symptoms of scurvy are liverish spots over the body, spongy gums that cause the teeth to fall out and bleeding from the mucus membranes and healed scars usually open up, and cured and knitted bone fractures are separated. The end result of this disease is death.
It is due to a breakdown in the synthesis of collagen, which heals scars, keeps joints held together, and forms the outside part of cells, and also some inner cell structures. Collagen synthesis is dependent on the amino acids proline and lysine that are hydroxylated by the enzymes lysyl and prolyl hydroxylase. The problem is that these enzymes need ascorbic acid (vitamin C) to do their work. Without it, collagen cannot do its job alone.
In olden days, sailors believed that citrus fruits such as lemons and limes prevent this horrible condition. The English are frequently referred to a \’Limeys\’ as they used to stock up their ships with fresh limes at any port of call that had them. In these days, scurvy is almost rare but still it occurs in teenagers who don’t take proper diet.
Vitamin C supplements are now easily available in the market and it is one of the most common of the discount vitamins on the market. The same can be said for vitamin A that is essential for good eyesight. In fact without it we could not survive. Without it we will eventually become blind, although its deficiency may first cause night blindness. However, an excess of this vitamin can lead to hypovitaminosis.
What will you say about free vitamin? i.e vitamin D and every person takes it more sunlight. People don’t care of this vitamin but it is responsible for the strength of your skeleton and the regulation of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood and deficiency of this vitamin can cause different diseases in different age group people such as bones will become soft in elder people while our children get rickets and we eventually die – frequently through cancer.
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is the chemical name for calcitriol, which is the form of vitamin D found in our body, known as vitamin D3. It has been proved that this has been found to kill some cancer cells in the laboratory, and it is thought that supplements of vitamin D might help to prevent some types of cancer. The results of a four-year cancer study were released in June 2007 that showed a reduction of 60% in cancers where patients were given an aupplement of 1100 international units daily.
These are benefits of some discount vitamin supplements and the easiest way is to purchase in bulk. These are those that form online clubs for vitamins and pay a weekly or monthly fee to join. Your local health food store could also help you out in this regard as they also get discount on bulk purchases from their suppliers.
You can get these vitamins from your local store that makes special offers. If you want to sell vitamins A, B complex, C, D and E, then a large proportion of the population are interested in buying them and it will not much difficult for you to sell these.
One thing that you should keep in mind is to purchase vitamins and mineral from reputed name because if the vitamins seem too cheap than you\’re probably right as name brand vitamins have quality and can be easily purchased at discount price if purchased in bulk.
is an expert nutritionist and is a regular contributing columnist to a wide variety of publications. To learn more about discount vitamins, visit or .
Every businessman can attest to the hardships a businessman endures. However, when confronted by a problem, the very same businessman often thinks that these problems are unlike those experienced elsewhere. This being the case, advice often falls on deaf ears and levels of resistance to outside help is high.
However, similarities to the problems businesses of any industry face often have unnerving patterns or similarities.
Check your numbers then double check them. Check your product or service value. Most companies price their services too low in order to beat down competition. Cutting corners at the expense of quality is never a wise choice. However, overestimating the true costs of doing business is also a no-no. Find your middle ground. Put value on your service and / or product but also give utmost value to your customers or consumers.
Do your numbers right. Payroll actually plays a large role in the success of a business. Keeping an updated payroll spares the company from unnecessary expenses of having to pay a monetary fine for late filing and other expenses.
Focus. This is actually the deciding factor of any businesses’ success. Most companies fail to focus on the right things. They fail to understand how knowing where you want to be actually helps getting you get there. The how only comes after where or what.
Stress levels of businessmen are often above the normal range. This is a result of being constantly aggravated and anxious about how to run things smoothly, or thrive in a competitive arena.
Keeping a business afloat nowadays is almost as hard as being one step ahead of the competition. It takes a lot more than just innovation and initiating or addressing a trend or demand. It’s about quality service that inspires trust.