Energy Efficiency Retrofits for Commercial and Public Buildings
Office, Educational, Retail, and other Key Segments and the Effects of Performance Contracting, ESCOs, LEED, and Energy Star
The energy efficiency retrofit market recently received a major boost from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), which will provide substantial funding for renovations to institutional buildings, especially federal buildings. The institutional market is booming now, and activity initiated in the next few years will continue through 2013 and beyond. However, federal non-industrial buildings represent a small fraction of all existing commercial building space. The largest potential for long term, sustained growth in commercial building retrofits lies in the private commercial space. Although relatively small at present, this market will experience strong growth through 2013 and for many years beyond. Compared to conventional space, high-performance green building space is vacant less often and commands premium prices, leading commercial building owners to adopt green retrofits as a market differentiator. Unlike government policies that come and go, this market driver will fuel steady momentum until most commercial building space has been retrofitted for energy efficiency and also for other measures of building performance such as thermal comfort. ( )
Several substantial, durable drivers are expanding the potential market for energy efficiency retrofits. However, the actual market is small compared to its potential, due to an assortment of barriers within various niches. In order for marketing campaigns and public policies to promote energy efficiency products, services and programs successfully, the barriers within each target segment of the commercial real estate market must be addressed appropriately.
This report provides an overview of the market niches formed by questions such as ownership, occupant activity, and geographic location. We examine the primary market barriers and highlight the best practices that are addressing these barriers successfully today. The report features a comprehensive examination of several key vertical markets, including an assessment of drivers, barriers, and opportunities in each one. Based on projections of the timing for widespread barrier removal, we forecast the market growth of both enhanced operations & maintenance as well as major green renovations over the next five years.
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In a power generation facility uninterrupted steam production is vital. It follows logically then that a reliable source of boiler quality feed water is also vitally important. Frequently these days this means the installation and operation of an Industrial Reverse Osmosis (RO) system.
The use of RO in power generation facilities has become increasingly common over the last 15 years, especially in newly built facilities. Reverse Osmosis retrofits to the boiler water pre-treatment systems of large, older power generation facilities are common as well, irrespective of the fuel source.
This article presents 5 operational considerations when purchasing an industrial reverse osmosis system for your Power Generation facility.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Consideration #1: Focus on the permeate
In Power Generation facilities normally the permeate is the desired water stream. System designs with more than one pass may be needed to ensure that the final product is of the specified purity. Other considerations may include RO redundancy to allow some trains to be removed for cleaning or membrane replacement, boiler makeup demand vs. RO flow rate, the need for an RO water storage tank, both upstream for the RO feed and downstream for the permeate.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Consideration #2: Sometimes you’ll focus on the reject
If the reject is the desired product, multi-staging may be necessary. In a power plant, wastewater and in some instances cooling tower blow down will be concentrated using multi-staging RO to reduce the total quantity of water that must be treated to final effluent standards.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Consideration #3: Prevent scaling of the RO membranes by hardness, strontium, or barium
The three most common means of preventing scale build up in Power Generation RO systems are; feeding acid to control pH, installing a softener ahead of the RO system and feeding an antiscalant.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Consideration #4: Prevent microbiological fouling of the membrane
While generally not as damaging as mineral scale, microbiological fouling can significantly reduce the efficiency of a Reverse Osmosis system. Again, preventing fouling is a far more effective strategy than fouling remediation. Microbiological fouling of Reverse Osmosis systems is generally done by controlling the MB content in the RO feed water to a specified maximum using a biocide.
Industrial Reverse Osmosis Parameter #5: Prevent non-microbiological organic fouling of the RO membrane
This is most successfully done by controlling the COD of the RO feed water. If the RO feed water is plant service water and uncontaminated (or does not contain recycled water or waste water) then the COD is almost always color or decaying vegetation. Both can be removed through proper upstream clarification or an anion exchanger.
If the RO feed water contains a recycled or waste component, then the COD can be almost anything. In this case, proper upstream treatment using secondary (biological) treatment of the waste or recycled stream will be needed to reduce the COD to levels such that non-biological organic fouling of RO membranes does not occur.
An in-depth discussion of Reverse Osmosis design considerations for the Power Generation Industry including tables and drawings can be downloaded in the free 11 page Layne Christensen white paper titled Eleven Things to Consider When Purchasing a Reverse Osmosis System for Your Power Generation Facility.
As a leader in the development of Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems, Layne Christensen Company has the technical expertise to design and build reverse osmosis systems for all of your plant water needs.
Beyond RO, Layne Christensen’s Water Treatment Division Research & Development team focuses on refining and expanding the water treatment methods we currently employ so we can meet the most demanding challenges head-on with innovation.
Your concerns about water quality are Layne’s concerns as well. The Water Treatment Division has been resolving water quality problems for over a half century, installing thousands of treatment systems throughout North America. You can reach our technical experts through our website at www.LayneWater.com or by phone 262.246.4646.
A complete list of design considerations is provided in the free ($97 value) Layne Christensen technical paper. Grab your copy of Design Considerations while they are still available. For additional Reverse Osmosis Information visit Article Source:
In a power generation facility or any industrial facility that uses large amounts of steam, uninterrupted steam production is vital to the facility. Often this means that somewhere upstream of the boiler there is an industrial reverse osmosis system. The purpose of this system is to ensure an uninterrupted source of ultrapure boiler feedwater is also vitally important.
The use of RO in industrial and power generation facilities has become increasingly common over the last 15 years, especially in newly built cogeneration and independent power generation facilities. Reverse Osmosis retrofits to the boiler water pre-treatment systems of older industrial facilities are common as well. This is especially true for base-loaded traditional utility power generation facilities regardless of fuel source.
This article presents 6 operational parameters for your consideration prior to purchasing a Reverse Osmosis system for your Power Generation facility.
Reverse Osmosis Equipment Parameter #1: The Cost of Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater treatment or disposal costs are continually increasing. For those plants where the cost is becoming punitive, it might make more economic sense to design the wastewater RO system with additional stages to reduce wastewater to the minimum possible amount. In some “zero discharge” power generation facilities specialized Reverse Osmosis systems and other equipment such as crystallizers may be required. To provide an example of just how dramatically multi-staging can reduce wastewater volume consider that a 400 gpm, 400 micromho stream can be reduced to just 7.5 gpm with a 3-Stage system! The conductance of course increases dramatically along the way rising from 400 micromho to 21,320 micromho!
Reverse Osmosis Equipment Parameter #2: Choose Either Cellulose Acetate (CA) or Polyamide Composite (PA) RO Membranes
Cellulose Acetate and Polyamide Composite membranes vary widely in the way their physical and chemical resistance. Fluid temperature, pH and chlorine resistance are just 3 examples of fluid characteristics that would make you favor one over the other. Operating pressure is another. CA membranes can operate at significantly higher pressures (greater than 450psi) vs. PA membranes (300psi maximum).
4 RO Feedwater Characteristics and Variability Parameters to Consider
The RO feedwater must meet certain criteria. If not, RO membranes will perform poorly; they will foul quickly, require excessive and expensive cleaning, and may become damaged to the point where they must be replaced prematurely. When this happens permeate water quality and output will decline.
In addition, care must be paid to the variability of the plant service water that feeds the RO system. Surface water can vary seasonally, and during spring run-off, turbidity can increase to well over 500 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Even well water can vary in dissolved solids content.
Reverse Osmosis Equipment Parameter #3:
How variable is the plant service water seasonally in dissolved solids, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), color, turbidity, temperature, and suspended solids? Is the treatment equipment upstream of the RO system capable of handling any excursions?
Reverse Osmosis Equipment Parameter #4:
For surface water sources, how variable is the plant service water during spring run-off, and during lake turn-over? The turn-over occurs twice annually, when the lake temperature passes through 40° F [4.4° C], the point of maximum water density. During this turbulent time there is a significant increase in suspended solids and turbidity as dirt and silt are stirred up from the bottom.
Reverse Osmosis Equipment Parameter #5:
For a newly drilled well, how stable is the water chemistry? While Total Suspended Solids might remain stable, Total Dissolved Solids can vary seasonally and throughout the life of the well.
Reverse Osmosis Equipment Parameter #6:
Test the Silt Density Index (SDI) frequently. The Silt Density Index is a measure of the fouling tendency of the feedwater to a RO system. Typically, spiral wound reverse osmosis systems will need an SDI less than 5, and hollow fiber RO systems will need an SDI less than 3. If necessary, have a particle size distribution study done on the suspended/colloidal solids in the plant service water and the RO feedwater.
An in-depth discussion of Reverse Osmosis equipment design considerations for the Power Generation Industry including tables and drawings can be downloaded in the free 11 page Layne Christensen white paper titled Eleven Things to Consider When Purchasing a Reverse Osmosis System for Your Power Generation Facility.
As a leader in the development of Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems, Layne Christensen Company has the technical expertise to design and build reverse osmosis systems for all of your plant water needs.
Beyond Reverse Osmosis equipment, Layne Christensen’s Water Treatment Division Research & Development team focuses on refining and expanding the water treatment methods we currently employ so we can meet the most demanding challenges head-on with innovation.
Your concerns about water quality are Layne’s concerns as well. The Water Treatment Division has been resolving water quality problems for over a half century, installing thousands of treatment systems throughout North America. You can reach our technical experts through our website at www.LayneWater.com or by phone 262.246.4646.
A complete list of design considerations is provided in the free ($97 value) Layne Christensen technical paper. Grab your copy of Design Considerations while they are still available. For additional Reverse Osmosis Information visit Article Source: